Are Easter and Christmas really based upon Babylonian (or any other) paganism? A collection of research articles.

Read this first part carefully:

Ministry 101: No matter how carefully or clearly anyone expresses themselves, their intentions, and their beliefs, others will always use what you say to justify what they decide to do. If it happened to Yeshua/Jesus, Moses, Paul (who actually wasn’t all that clear), Peter, John, etc…then it will be doubly true for the rest of us. I haven’t endorsed Christmas, nor do I condemn those who celebrate. My one and only goal has been to clean up the house of God and our witness. When we distribute falsehoods in service of an agenda (and trying to take down Christmas and Easter are HUGE money-making agendas and even idols within some crowds) then we are playing by the rules of the world and we are destroying our credibility. People deserve the respect of being presented, not with manipulative horror stories of dubious authenticity, but the truth so that they can work out what they are going to do with God. When we strip them of that ability, we are subverting the authority of the Holy Spirit. I love the Body of Messiah. I love the Gospel. But I refuse to oppose anything with lies and bad information. God doesn’t need me to do that in order to accomplish His will. He desires we be truthful, that we encourage people toward righteousness, hold them responsible when they need to be held accountable and then to get out of His way. Just FYI, as a free ministry, I in no way profit from any of this. My goal isn’t to prove that Christmas and Easter aren’t pagan, but to take out the trash that is tossed around twice a year by people who should instead be committed to the truth. I give them the truth so that they make make their own choices, free from manipulation and propaganda.

I believe sometimes that our desire to control the outcome (when people are committed to getting others to stop celebrating C&E in this case, at any cost) leads us to fearfully resort to the world’s tactics. But it isn’t our job to control anyone–Yahweh doesn’t even try to control us like that so how dare we with others?

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An increasing number of Hebrew Roots ministries are backing down from, and retracting, the once very common teachings about the hypothetical ancient pagan origins of Christmas and Easter. However, the memes and googled pages that lack, and sometimes falsify, any sort of substantiation for their supposed archaeological claims are probably never going away. People lifted them long before the ministries retracted them. It’s a veritable pandora’s box. And people are willing to pour huge amounts of money into ministries that support and promote this, so it will never go away entirely.

So, twice a year, a month before Christmas and a month before Easter, I have posted a list of the research from myself and some others addressing a lot of the Easter/Ishtar accusations and the Tammuz/Lent misunderstanding, where we actually probably got colored eggs (from the Jews and fron fasting, not the pagans), etc. I decided in 2019 to just go ahead and make a big note of it so people could access it whenever they wanted to but then Facebook discontinued notes in October so I had to put this all here instead. This is provided for informational purposes, and I hope no one will force this stuff onto other people’s private walls and embarrass them. I don’t work that way and so I pray you won’t use my (or anyone else’s) research that way either. Share to your own social media platforms, if you so desire, but in my experience–jumping onto someone’s meme with a thousand likes where they are feeling really knowledgable and like they are doing a service to God and publicly humiliating them just doesn’t work. It almost always backfires so let’s be gentle, wise and kind. I have never forced this information on people but over the past six years, I have seen some amazing progress in this area. These claims are dying because they are being exposed to the truth.

You all probably know I don’t celebrate Christmas or Easter but do celebrate and teach the Feasts. Please don’t believe the lie circulating out there that I ever did this to “get in good with my Christian friends and family” because they really have never seemed to care whether I celebrate or not and I move so often that I never have any friends to speak of who would care either. I stumbled across this information accidentally while researching the defiling of the Temple back in early 2015. As I studied Babylonian, Assyrian, Hittite, Egyptian and Canaanite mythologies, I stumbled across the startling fact that I couldn’t substantiate a single thing I had ever heard. When I moved on into Gero-Roman times, I also came up empty on the Mithraic and Saturnalian claims. In fact, I recently discovered that there were no claims whatsoever that Christmas had pagan roots until the 12th century. I absolutely will discuss this stuff with anyone else who has read the source material I cite. But I will ask if the material has been read so that we are sure to be on equal footing. I will not argue with opinions when we have actual facts available. This is too emotional a subject, and it is needlessly divisive for all the wrong reasons. I have ministered to people who have ruined their families over this, and even their marriages.

In general, people often just honestly don’t know how to discern a good from a bad source and so books with titles like, “101 Facts About Christmas” are mistaken for actual researched and verified works of scholarship. In actuality, anyone can publish a book that says anything these days–and you can call anything a fact. No one is going to do anything about it. The only thing you can do is refuse to pass along anything that does not pass archaeological muster, and to learn to ask polite questions about people’s sources. In general, they won’t have anything–and I don’t say this to be unkind, it hasn’t honestly occurred to them that they should have proof, or that proof is anything other than “it looks legit to me” or “it’s obvious” or “my teacher says it is true.” But 21st-century monotheists without a shared cultural worldview will never be able to correctly judge or understand anything ancient based on our modern context. People hear these things from someone they love and respect, and so you have to be careful when challenging it. Good people get caught up in believing things without asking for proof if enough people are saying it–there is always the illusion of credibility in numbers. But if we are going to teach people that they are pagans for doing something, we need to have more than opinions. This was a death penalty offense in ancient Israel, and facts were required to make such an accusation.

If you want something added to the list, please send it to me. I will only consider material that actually has legitimate sources cited–I am not likely to watch any video or listen to any podcast that isn’t from a recognized expert. Too many videos and podcasts and googles pages come with grandiose claims but isn’t enough to claim “Tertullian said such and such” without a reference to exactly where I can find it. I verify everything. (Just FYI, Tertullian never said anything about Christmas because it didn’t exist during his life).

Nimrod teachings

On my radio show for kids (airing daily on I Will Gather You Radio and weekends on Hebrew Nation Radio), we covered Nimrod as part of exploring Genesis verse by verse (although that’s going to have to change when we get to Lot and his daughters) but these teachings are still entirely based on scholarly, peer-reviewed materials:

Nimrod and the Bible https://contextforkids.com/2022/05/02/episode-56-nimrod-and-the-bible

Nimrod: The Man, the Myths, and the Legends https://contextforkids.com/2022/05/09/episode-57-nimrod-the-man-the-myths-and-the-legends/

Christmas ones are on top, Easter below.

NEW! (2023) Christmas, Paganism, and Church History https://fyreis.substack.com/p/christmas-paganism-and-church-history?

NEW! (2023)–Challenging December on Trialhttps://www.youtube.com/live/RiE9DplP7Ro?si=eWqtE3g615WBfBZA and https://www.youtube.com/live/fLwcJ9y_vpI?si=_ARvFxSExZu9pqKc

NEW! From an atheist with a Masters in History who is trying to clean up the misinformation spread by his fellow atheists https://historyforatheists.com/2020/12/pagan-christmas/

NEW! Are Christmas and Mithras related? https://historyforatheists.com/2016/12/the-great-myths-2-christmas-mithras-and-paganism/

NEW! Just How Pagan is Christmas really? https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2019/12/08/just-how-pagan-is-christmas-really/

NEW! Origin of Christmas Trees https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2018/12/05/the-origins-of-the-christmas-tree/

NEW! I hate Santa Claus, personally, but this is interesting https://talesoftimesforgotten.com/2019/12/07/the-long-strange-fascinating-history-of-santa-claus/

How do I personally feel about Christmas and Easter? (Don’t believe the lies and “OPINIONS” out there, get it from my own mouth, er, fingers) http://theancientbridge.com/2016/02/so-what-about-christmas-and-easter-from-my-rewrite-of-the-bridge-crossing-over-into-the-fullness-of-covenant-life/

My friend David Wilber wrote an article addressing the controversy https://davidwilber.me/articles/should-christians-celebrate-christmas

Confronting the Atheist “Many gods were born on Dec 25th” claim. (Yes I know December 25th isn’t Messiah’s birthday either but let’s not pass around Atheist propaganda) http://theancientbridge.com/2017/10/q-how-many-pagan-gods-were-born-of-virgins-or-even-born-on-december-25th-a-zero/

And another on the same topic by James-Michael Smith https://www.discipledojo.org/blog/pagan-jesus

Were Horus and Osiris really born on December 25th? http://theancientbridge.com/2016/01/this-is-the-beginning-of-months-for-you-egyptian-calendars-the-birthdays-of-the-gods-and-why-goshen-was-the-best-of-the-land/

What is Jeremiah 10 actually talking about? Should we twist Scripture to fit our anti-Christmas (or any) agendas? http://theancientbridge.com/2015/10/confronting-the-memes-pt-7-did-jeremiah-condemn-christmas-trees-or-are-we-being-anachronistic/

I covered the topic of whether Jeremiah and Isaiah were talking about Christmas trees in their idol polemics on my radio show last year http://theancientbridge.com/2019/12/episode-39-isaiah-and-the-messiah-part-6-441-23-jer-10-habbakuk-2-and-christmas-trees/

A balanced look at the origins of Christmas and the modern ethical dilemmas with celebrating https://www.derekpgilbert.com/2018/12/23/merry-non-pagan-christmas

One on December 25th
https://triablogue.blogspot.com/2008/12/december-25-and-paganism.html

Hippolytus, in the third century, made a comment about December 25 being the date of the birth of Messiah in his commentary on Daniel. This article explores his comment and context further. Please note, this is not posted here as a defense of that date but as historical context to the date. https://www.facebook.com/groups/233047447490355/permalink/581281752666921?sfns=mo

Is Christmas really tied to Sol Invictus? https://web.archive.org/web/20140721141415/http://chronicon.net/blog/christmas/sol-invictus-evidently-not-a-precursor-to-christmas/

Are Obelisks (or Christmas trees for that matter) really Phallic symbols? http://theancientbridge.com/2015/06/confronting-pseudo-archaeological-memes-pt-2-are-obelisks-really-well-you-know/

This is actually well researched and I am familiar with many of his cited sources and the scholarship of the works he cites https://web.archive.org/web/20170128161856/http://historum.com/blogs/sankari/621-december-25-no-connection-tammuz-saturnalia-sol-invictus-mithras.html

How did the early Church come up with December 25th? Well, it’s actually pretty interesting https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/how-december-25-became-christmas/

Is Christmas based on Saturnalia? https://www.idolkiller.com/post/is-christmas-based-on-saturnalia

Usener’s Christmas – an article by Roman Historian Stephen Hijmans, an undisputed expert in Roman history and all things related to Sol Invictushttps://www.academia.edu/987479/Useners_Christmas_A_Contribution_to_the_Modern_Construct_of_Late_Antique_Solar_Syncretism_in_M._Espagne_and_P._Rabault-Feuerhahn_edd._Hermann_Usener_und_die_Metamorphosen_der_Philologie._Wiesbaden_Harrassowitz_2011._139-152

Dr Heiser’s take on whether Christmas is pagan https://nakedbiblepodcast.com/podcast/naked-bible-195-is-christmas-a-pagan-holiday/
and a transcript of the podcast here: http://nakedbiblepodcast.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NB-195-Transcript.pdf

Easter/Lent articles

NEW!! From an atheist with a Masters in History who is trying to clean up the misinformation spread by his fellow atheists https://historyforatheists.com/2017/04/easter-ishtar-eostre-and-eggs/

Was there really an Ishtar Sunday? Did the Queen of heaven dip eggs in baby blood? http://theancientbridge.com/2015/10/who-was-the-queen-of-heaven-and-did-she-really-dip-eggs-in-the-blood-of-infants-ezekiel-8-in-context-part-2/

Is Lent related to Tammuz? What do we know about Tammuz? http://theancientbridge.com/2015/09/who-was-tammuz-and-why-and-when-were-the-women-weeping-for-him-ez-8-from-the-ancient-near-eastern-context/

Did we get Hot Cross Buns from Ishtar? http://theancientbridge.com/2016/04/wwie-what-would-ishtar-eat-baking-cakes-for-the-queen-of-heaven-jeremiah-7-in-context-part-2/

Atheists debunking the Eostre/Ishtar myth. https://historyforatheists.com/2017/04/easter-ishtar-eostre-and-eggs

A balanced, responsible article relating the origins of Easter and the Passover vs Resurrection question: http://theancientbridge.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Americas_Favorite_Holidays_Candid_Histories_-_3._Easter-1.pdf

Is Easter from Ishtar? by Tim Hegg https://torahresource.com/does-easter-come-from-ishtar/

From an admitted pagan who actually does some really creditable research into her own religion https://bellejar.ca/2013/03/28/easter-is-not-named-after-ishtar-and-other-truths-i-have-to-tell-you/

Another pagan who went looking for deep roots and didn’t find them http://cavalorn.livejournal.com/502368.html?thread=7943520

How abstaining from eggs gave the world Easter eggs–after having chickens for two years this made total sense. http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2010/february/how-fast-of-lent-gave-us-easter-eggs.html

How the 33rd Day of the Counting of the Omer might have given us egg hunts (I learned a lot of ancient near eastern context from the book “An Egg at Easter” by Venetia Newell – impeccably researched and very easily had online). https://www.facebook.com/tyler.rosenquist/posts/10213621802363307

Miscellaneous articles

A very well researched video from Andre-Philippe Therrien covering the problem with using Hislop’s The Two Babylons, and all books based on it, as sources https://youtu.be/MM3rhY5vGPc

Before anyone counters with Hislop or any works based on Hislop (which would be anything making Nimrod associations), please read this article from Ralph Woodrow, who made a career, and a lot of money, off of writing a book he never researched himself (called Mystery Babylon) based entirely on Hislop’s writings. http://www.equip.org/article/the-two-babylons/

Everything we do know about Nimrod historically and in literature throughout the ages. Everything else is late date urban legends. Van der Toorn is an incredible scholar. http://www.godawa.com/chronicles_of_the_nephilim/Articles_By_Others/Van_der_Toorn-Nimrod_before_and_after_the_Bible.pdf

Does neo-paganism have deep roots, as many adherents claim? A great and honest article by a neo-pagan http://www.patheos.com/blogs/allergicpagan/2015/06/07/a-brief-history-of-neo-paganism/

Excellent scholarly book on the history of the Christian calendar and celebrations https://www.amazon.com/dp/0391041231

How can we tell if an observance is pagan, or just cultural? http://theancientbridge.com/2015/12/pagan-or-cultural/

Resources from Matthew Higdon (I haven’t checked out most of these but I am very familiar with some of the scholars)

For Christmas:

Andrew McGowan, Ancient Christian Worship: Early Church Practices in Social, Historical, and Theological Perspective (Baker Academic, 2014), 249–59.
Stephen Nissanbaum, The Battle for Christmas (Vintage, 1997).
Susan K. Roll, Toward the Origins of Christmas (Kol Pharos, 1995).
Paul Bradshaw and Maxwell Johnson, The Origins of Feasts, Fasts, and Seasons in Early Christianity (Liturgical Press, 2011).
Martin Connell, “The Origins and Evolution of Advent in the West” in “Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year,” ed. John Baldovin and Maxwell Johnson (Liturgical Press, 2000), 349–71.
Joseph F. Kelley, “The Origins of Christmas” (Liturgical Press, 2014).
Thomas J. Talley, “The Origins of the Liturgical Year” (Liturgical Press, 1991).

Tom Holland, “The myth of ‘pagan’ Christmas,” Unherd: https://unherd.com/2020/12/the-myth-of-pagan-christmas

For Easter:
N. T. Wright, The Resurrection of the Son of God (Fortress, 2003).
Christopher Bryan, The Resurrection of the Messiah (Oxford, 2011).
Pinches Lapide, The Resurrection of Jesus: A Jewish Perspective (Wipf and Stock, 2002).
Dale C. Allison, Jr., Resurrecting Jesus: The Earliest Christian Tradition and Its Interpreters (T&T Clark International, 2005).
Paul Bradshaw, Passover and Easter: Origin and History to Modern Times (U Notre Dame, 2000).
Then there’s the usual fare by William Lane Craig, Mike Licona, and Gary Habermas.
Personally, I’ve found the most fruitful books on this to be scholarly dialogues: “Jesus’s Resurrection: Fact or Figment?: A Debate Between William Lane Craig and Gerd Ludemann” and “The Resurrection of Jesus: John Dominic Crossan and N. T. Wright in Dialogue.” They furnish the reader with a sense of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each position.



“So What About Christmas and Easter?” – From my rewrite of The Bridge: Crossing Over Into the Fullness of Covenant Life

The_Bridge_Cover_for_KindleA plea for civility and clear heads – it seems that no matter how clearly or politely or lovingly I present this material, emotions run high. People get defensive, they put words in my mouth and they misrepresent not only what I am saying – but also my reasons for saying it as they freely speculate on my motivations. I am a really straightforward person and my motivations are to correct MY error. I am not insulting anyone, or disparaging anyone’s character – I am setting the record straight about what I was teaching and about what happened when I actually dug deep into history and archaeology. This is not a subject that should drive people apart, or result in slander or the undermining of someone’s character. There should be no untouchable subjects if we are to truly call ourselves Bereans and if we are going to continually strive to represent the Gospel honestly – not only when preaching the Gospel, but in everything else we teach and do. If we cannot love one another and deal with each other with integrity, then we have a problem greater than Church holidays.

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I rewrote The Bridge, as you might know, because of one paragraph in one chapter and then one thing led to another and all of a sudden it was 20,000 words longer. I had written in a few very popular urban legends that I found were without merit concerning the advent (no pun intended) of Christmas and Easter. I had assumed that the people who taught me had researched it, which was ridiculous because I didn’t research it and why should I expect from them what I hadn’t done myself? We all placed our trust in the people who went before us – a common human thing to do. After proving through massive archaeological evidence that there never was an Ishtar Sunday and that her cult never practiced human sacrifice (really, almost no one did in antiquity, come to find out and Rome formally outlawed it in 97 BCE), and that she was never associated with eggs or rabbits – I was forced to re-examine everything. So, after spending massive hours and a lot of money on learning about actual ANE paganism, I had to remove the book from the market and get rid of the urban legends that largely originated during the European Catholic-Protestant wars. I have to be honest – I couldn’t sleep because it had me so upset. First, I will give you an excerpt from the chapter about Sabbath, then one from the section on Sukkot and following those is the chapter that was responsible for the rewrite in the first place. I apologize for not doing my homework – for not being a true Berean. I apologize for doing what was easy instead of what was right, and I am really sorry for not just sticking with promoting the Feasts and the Sabbath – because they are enough.

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(Sidebar: something happened in the fourth century that was incredibly tragic. Between the Councils of Nicaea in 325 CE and Constantinople in 381 CE, Rome did what Rome always did best – they formally legislated, and clearly controlled through that legislation, what it meant to be a Christian and what it meant to be a Jew because for a long time everyone was meeting in the synagogues on Sabbath and Christianity was considered a valid expression of Judaism. Rome defined both religions – and we still live with under those definitions without even knowing why. You could not keep any of the Torah and remain a Christian, and you could no longer accept Yeshua as Messiah and remain a Jew. Church Fathers Jerome and Augustine both wrote during this time, voicing their approval for the marginalizing of all those who were still ‘in between’ – living like Jews while worshiping Yeshua.)[1]

[1] Daniel Boyarin, The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ is an excellent treatise on this subject

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Do you want to know why Christmas was first celebrated? I know the rumors but let me give it to you straight – I want you to imagine the Believers in Yeshua, separated from their Jewish brothers by an increasing legal and emotional abyss, wanting to celebrate and honor not living and dead Roman Emperors (as Roman law required) but instead their Messiah in a way that was perfectly culturally acceptable in the Roman Empire. Instead of honoring Imperial Cult birthdays (Augustus was known as the Savior of the World in the Roman Empire) they wanted to honor Yeshua, the true Savior of the World. So they, without any knowledge of the importance of the Feasts and having lost all Hebraic understanding of what they were reading, really miscalculated. They came up with December 25th   based solely upon the theory that Yeshua was conceived and died on the same day (Passover), which was a shame because God had already instituted a Feast that recognized the birth of Yeshua – the Feast of Sukkot (some people believe He was born on Passover). They created an illegitimate holiday because they had been stripped of the real celebration through Roman law. As with so many things, they had great intentions, but it was tragically unnecessary.

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Remember I told you about Deuteronomy 12:32, forbidding us to add and subtract from God’s Laws like the Pharisees did?  Well, we’ve done it too, or at least we’ve inherited what others did and lived by it much like the Orthodox Jews of today inherited many of the same laws of the Pharisees.  I look at what they do, not with contempt but with the realization that they inherited things just the same as we did, and they haven’t ditched their traditions any more than Christians have.

In fact, right now I want to make something very clear.  I do not have anything but positive feelings about Jews and Christians, and I have to give credit where credit is due.  Observant Jews care more deeply about obeying God than anyone on earth, there is a zealousness that I deeply admire and it touches my heart.  Their dedication to family is simply amazing, and their passion for the Scriptures is incredible. Everything I have shared with you about the Feasts was possible only because they never abandoned God.

Do you want to know why the Jews survived the Black Death that devastated Christians throughout the world?  Christians were not washing their hands in those days (or bathing), but the Jews were.  I mean that seriously.  (The American Indians were very upset about it when colonists started to arrive from Europe. They were clean people and the Europeans were not.) It became so evident that Jews were not dying of plague that people began accusing the Jews of witchcraft – of actually starting the plague through sorcery!  It was their laws, however, far in excess of what was written that we follow as good hygiene practices today (I have to add, however, that this was not done for hygiene purposes but for holiness).  So it is a good idea to wash hands, but as far as anyone calling ritual hand washing an actual commandment of God, that is not Biblical.  For the record, they were not simply washing their hands, but they also recited a prayer as they did it, and had to do it according to a specific ritual which is also practiced today.  Here is the prayer:

“Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with Thy commandments and has commanded us concerning the washing of the hands.”

Now there is no commandment to do this in Scripture, so this can only be justified as a commandment of the Oral Torah. We see something very similar with the prayer spoken while lighting the Sabbath candles. Is lighting candles before the Sabbath terrible? Of course not, but it also isn’t a Biblical commandment.

How about Christianity?  There are more people being cared for around the world because of everyday Christians than I could write about in a thousand books – orphanages built and maintained, sex slaves rescued from the streets, hospitals built, abused women and children sheltered, drug addicts counseled. The list of good works just goes on and on – the weightier matters of Torah, all done in the name of Jesus. And right now as I am writing this, I weep for my brothers and sisters and their children in the Middle East and Africa who are daily being slaughtered by ISIS for refusing to deny our Master Yeshua, whether they call Him Jesus, Isa, Yesu, or any other variation.

Each faith sadly also has a legacy of adding to the commandments of God their own traditions and judging people based on them.  Each faith added and subtracted as they saw fit.

Christmas and Easter are on the top of that list for Christians.  The verses preceding Deut 12:32 are very sobering verses indeed.  And I ask you to consider them carefully, because Christmas is a tradition, not a commandment of God, and Easter is a tradition, not a commandment of God – just like ritual hand washing.  We should never judge, nor hate another person based on their nonconformance to our traditions because if we do, we will do violence to one another (even if it is only in our hearts) as some of the Pharisee leaders plotted to do violence to Yeshua because He challenged the traditions that they enforced as authoritative laws.

Deut 12:28-32 Observe and hear all these words which I command thee, that it may go well with thee, and with thy children after thee forever, when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the Lord thy God.

When the Lord thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee, whither thou goest to possess them, and thou succeedest them, and dwellest in their land;

Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them, after that they be destroyed from before thee; and that thou enquire not after their gods, saying, How did these nations serve their gods? even so will I do likewise.

Thou shalt not do so unto the Lord thy God: for every abomination to the Lord, which he hateth, have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods.

What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.

First verse, He reiterates that His commandments are forever.  Then He warned the Israelites not to find out about anything related to the heathen worship of the nations they were going to destroy and do it in order to worship Him.  He called every single unique thing they did for their gods an abomination.  It’s His absolute harshest word for the things He hates.  Then He says, in a nutshell, that His Laws are good as they are and have no need to be added to or subtracted from.

(Note: everything legitimate about the worship of our King was also practiced by heathens and so we cannot say that everything they did for their gods was inherently evil – many of their practices boiled down to cultural expressions of honor like the anointing of the feet of a king or god with perfumed oil. What we do not dare do is take something directly from pagan practices that is not in the Scriptures and ‘reclaim’ it for God.)

Passover is enough

Unleavened Bread is enough

First Fruits is enough

Shavuot is enough

Yom Teruah is enough

Sukkot is enough

Shemini Atzeret is enough.

Easter replaced the Spring Feasts and so we lost sight of God’s prophetic plan and calendar, leaving us blind and unable to explain or even truly understand what Yeshua did and fulfilled.  It left us unable to explain to our Jewish brothers and sisters why Yeshua is not an idolater and a blasphemer, but instead their Messiah.

Christmas replaced the Fall Feasts, and so we became blind there as well to what He will do and fulfill.  The end will largely come upon the Church like a thief because we have not been aware of the times and seasons.

I am not going to rehash what you can find on the internet, some of which is true but so much of which is unsubstantiated and falsified that it takes too much precious time for the average person to sort out the lies from the facts. We have inherited holidays that are full of European traditions, some of questionable origin. The world celebrates these holidays in the same manner as Christians do, and each year more and more Bible believing Christians are giving them up. I can’t remember the last time I saw the world trying to celebrate any of the Biblical Feasts, which is a sobering reality check – the world never wants to participate in anything that is actually holy.

To me, knowing the history of the fourth century CE – that Rome forcibly legislated the removal of Christians out of the synagogues and Torah keepers out of the assemblies of Messiah – Christians celebrating Christmas and Easter seem very much like children celebrating the consequences of having a broken home. Without the Christians, the Jews lost their Messiah and without the Jews, the Christians lost their inheritance. It’s like a child celebrating the absence of a parent who wasn’t even a bad parent. Christmas and Easter happened because of a broken home, and that grieves me – it doesn’t make me want to celebrate. At one point all believers in Yeshua were called Nazarene Jews, for hundreds of years – Rome robbed us of a stable home life.

I understand not wanting to abandon those holidays because of the memories associated with them and because of the fear of family disapproval.  Yes, it will happen, people won’t understand – and they will judge you for not keeping their traditions, but that is what they are – traditions.  When we judge people by traditions and value the traditions more than we value the truth, we become like the people who conspired to kill Yeshua.

Traditions blind.  Whereas people do not get angry if you break a commandment, they will get angry if you question their tradition because to break a tradition is to challenge someone’s life choices, while to break a commandment is to challenge God.  People will take it personally, and this is why we have to choose whom we will serve.  I speak from heartache and experience on this.

No one is telling you to ditch your memories or to feel guilty about having enjoyed precious hours as a family, just to put those memories into proper perspective. It was always difficult for everyone coming into Covenant to leave some aspects of their cultures behind in order to follow YHVH exclusively, in fact it was so difficult that when Moses delayed in coming back down from the mountain, the people demanded that Aaron, Moses’ own brother, make them a golden calf that they could worship – as they had undoubtedly learned in Egypt.  And this is what Aaron did –

Ex 32:4-5  And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.

And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made proclamation, and said, Tomorrow is a feast to the Lord.

It wasn’t just that Aaron made something attached to that abominable Egyptian heathenism, but He set up a feast on a day never commanded and said it was too, in the Hebrew, YHVH.  YHVH was so angry that He threatened to kill them all, saying that they had corrupted themselves.  This was a very serious betrayal, an act of National treason. considering what YHVH had done for them.

But isn’t that what Christmas is?  When we detach ourselves from the emotional aspects of the holiday, from our fond memories, didn’t our forefathers simply announce their own ‘feast to YHVH’ while ignoring His Feasts – and all because Moses, or in this case the Laws of God, were  no longer there for them?

I can’t force you to give up those holidays.  I can’t even force you to want to give them up.  I do ask you very bluntly, what does YHVH deserve from us in terms of loyalty?  Is it to keep His Feasts His way, or to do things our way and expect Him to approve?  Do we truly honor Him when we do what we want when we want?  The Scriptures, from front to back, say no.




Who was the Queen of Heaven and did she really dip eggs in the blood of infants? Jeremiah 7 in Context

ishtarlove

(Pictured, Ishtar as the evening star/patron goddess of love, war, and sexuality with her customary lion emblems as well as the owls who denote her position as patroness of prostitutes)

It has come to my attention that some folks are thinking that I am not aware that Ishtar is a pagan goddess. I reread my blog and I am seriously struggling to imagine why anyone would think that I am believing she is real. This is a Biblical context study and I am teaching the ANE (Ancient Near Eastern) context of who this Ishtar was who was being worshiped alongside God in His Temple. Please read it, and if you have any questions – check out the rest of my blog or give me the respect to ask me about it. I even mentioned Messiah in my blog. I don’t know how more clear I can be.

I am writing this as a follow up to my blog on Tammuz, and again, I post a plea for civility. I wrote a book that included the phrase “Ishtar Sunday” without doing my homework. Over 70,000 words of carefully researched Biblical references and I blew it simply repeating something that “everyone” knew. So many people who I respected as teachers and leaders over the last ten years had said it that I took its veracity for granted. The information I am presenting comes at a loss of face to myself, but only after a great amount of research into the archaeological and historical evidence we have on Ishtar and her worship in the fourth through mid-first millennium BCE.  We have at our disposal epics and cult rituals in cuneiform tablets, carvings, steles, seals, contemporary descriptions of her cult from those during her time period, temples excavated – in truth we might have more information on Ishtar than any other Mesopotamian deity. We even know the minute details of her temple administration. She was the most beloved and powerful goddess in the Mesopotamian pantheon for thousands of years – even reaching into the Hebrew sphere at the height of Babylon’s Power in the mid-first millennium. We know who worshiped her and why, we know her spouses–men, gods, and even various animals. We know how her cult was celebrated, and how her priests were attired. We know more about her sex life than I wish we did. We know her cult symbols, and we have evidence of her cult throughout four separate millennia. I present this evidence as a mea culpa, admitting my complicity in perpetuating something I had not studied out myself. This presentation will be brief and will only cover the highlights–I could write a book on her but will refrain from doing so.

What I present might make you angry but I will give all of my sources, and if after going through them all you disagree with me then I can’t do anything about that, but I caution you not to react angrily to my honest findings. This is not presented against any ministry (except maybe my own), but in the pursuit of truth–which we must always search for and never settle for anything less or we are no better than any religion that we claim to be set apart from. Please remember that I am your sister, and not someone to be lashed out at. What I am going to present is as odds with Alexander Hislop’s The Two Babylons in every respect (see the Tammuz blog for more information on Reverend Hislop), in fact, I have found not even a shred of evidence of the claims that many ministries are making about her supposed connection to Easter rituals. If there was any truth in Hislop’s claims in the 19th century, then by now someone would have found something. His book was debunked in the 1920s and yet remains a favorite among those who want evidence against things that are associated with the Catholic Church. For the record, I have no love for the Catholic Church as they tossed my grandmother out on her ear after her husband abandoned and divorced her with three kids in the 1950’s–but I don’t hate them enough to not set the record straight. So, here is a brief summary of my findings followed by an extensive bibliography.

Ishtar (Akkadian) and Inanna (Sumerian) were different names of the same Mesopotamian goddess–she was the undisputed Queen of Heaven, no other goddess in any culture even came close to matching her prowess. She was originally the goddess of the storehouse and the fertility associated with it, became the goddess in charge of giving kings their authority, and in later days was the goddess of war, passion, and prostitutes. She was–as Inanna, portrayed as the virginal daughter and eager young bride, then as Ishtar, characterized by her long list of disastrous relationships (as detailed in the Gilgamesh epic where he lists her multiple paramours who came to bad ends). Her famous marriage to Dumuzi (Tammuz) under the name Inanna is sometimes portrayed in kind tones, as when he is killed by brigands who club him over the head while stealing his livestock, and sometimes in brutal tones, as when she contracts demons to steal him away to the Underworld in order to take her place after unsuccessfully trying to steal the Underworld throne from her sister! She either helps his sister, the goddess of vines, and mother search for her own murdered husband, or is the cause of his mother and sister searching for him.

ishtargilgamesh

Strangely, in a world where goddesses are routinely portrayed as mothers – she is not. Ishtar is the virginal bride, or the passionate lover or in later times the patroness of prostitutes or–of transvestites! Here (to the left) we see her alongside the other gods of the Gilgamesh Epic.

Ishtar worship took various forms–she instituted wailing, perhaps on behalf of her husband Tammuz, as well as the ritual of sacred marriage when Mesopotamian kings would enact their royal marriage to Ishtar as a way to solidify their claim to the throne. In latter days, her priests would cross-dress and behave as transvestites during her very strange festivals–festivals that involved the playing of children’s games, and general age, status, and gender confusion. There was no impregnating of virgins, and Babylonian religion did not involve a human sacrifice in any accounts that I can come up with–despite having a wealth of information. And even if, at one point, it had included human sacrifice–Crassus outlawed it in the 90’s BCE throughout the Roman Empire and noted that it was only done before then rarely and in connection with the magic arts, not in the regular worship of gods or goddesses (Pliny the Elder, Natural History XXX). Human sacrifice was considered to be barbaric and “un-Roman,” the same attitude they had towards the practice of abortion. The Carthaginian worship of Cronos in Africa seems to be a notable exception within the Empire, and the Romans slandered them much for it.

Animal sacrifice was common in Ishtar worship–but then it was common in all forms of worship in the Ancient Near East and First Century. Gods and goddesses had temples for one primary reason–for their human servants to care for their physical needs while they performed their cosmic functions. Ishtar had to protect the King, she was the overseer of the storehouse, preventing starvation–if Ishtar had to spend time gathering food and drink for herself then she might become distracted and chaos would ensue. This was the ancient view of all of the worship of gods–to care for them. At the top of their ziggurat was a little home and inside there were rooms. The idol that provided access to the essence of the god was woken up in the morning, bathed and dressed in finery, fed the choicest portions, worshiped, and then put back to bed at night. As they cared for Ishtar, she was free to do her important job of caring for her functions in the universe. Animal sacrifice was simply a way to provide her with the food she needed to survive. She had no link to Sunday worship or festivals celebrated on that day–like all gods and goddesses, she was worshiped and cared for every single day. She did have two festivals that were celebrated at the rising and setting of the planet Venus in the winter and summer, eight months apart–being that she was also known as the morning and evening star.

ishtarwar

Ishtar’s symbols were the lion and the six or eight-pointed star within a circle (which did not look like the star of David but more like a spiny starfish) and sometimes the eight-pointed star (the image to the left is not the best example, sadly, the British Museum has an excellent cylinder seal imprint but it is unavailable online). She is often pictured either standing on or riding a lion, or with a two-headed lion mace and a hooked sword called a harpe. She is never pictured with rabbits or eggs (which were not fertility symbols in the ancient Near Eastern world) nor do any of her rituals or legends make mention of them. She is often pictured in the nude, as the goddess of love and passion, or wearing a strange pointed hat (kinda like the 80’s band Devo) along with the weapons of war as the Lady of Battle. By the time of Messiah, Ishtar worship was pretty much nonexistent.

She is also never mentioned in reference to Semiramis, the 12th century Mesopotamian Queen who lived shortly before King David but who was not married to Nimrod, nor did she have a son named Tammuz – but that’s for a later blog.

Just for information sake – I do not use Herodotus as a reliable source for anything outside of Greek culture, as he was notorious for simply writing every second-hand story he heard. His writings on Egypt, for instance, have not only gone unsubstantiated but have been largely disproven.

I realize this is short, but Ishtar is far too complex to be covered adequately in a blog and it would be inappropriate to go into great detail anyway. You have my resources, listed below – pretty sure I put them all in but my library is quite the mess at the moment.

Bibliography

(these are all the books and articles I read, in addition to those related to Tammuz because all of the stories about him are also about her – be sure to hit every reference to Inanna, Ishtar (or Istar), Dumuzi and Tammuz. But let the reader be warned, Ishtar literature is often egregiously sexual in nature)

The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion, Thorkild Jacobsen (Ph.D. Assyriology, the guy even taught at Harvard, during his lifetime and even now he is considered one of the foremost experts in the Ancient Near East)

The Babylonian World, Gwendolyn Leick, Ed – Chapters 7, and 22-24 were especially helpful.

A Dictionary of Ancient near Eastern Mythology, Gwendolyn Leick, (Ph.D. Assyriology)

The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, James B Pritchard, Ed (all of Pritchard’s books have impressive pedigrees and this one is no different – being the work of seventeen serious ANE scholars)

The IVP Bible Background Commentary, John Walton et al. commentary on Ezekiel 8

Myths from Mesopotamia, Stephanie Dalley

Handbook of Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Stephen Bertman

Interpreting the Past: Near Eastern Seals, Dominique Collon

The Ishtar Temple at Ninevah, Julian Reade, Iraq, Vol 67, No 1, Ninevah. Papers of the 49th Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part Two (Spring 2005) pp 347-390

Ishtar, the Lady of Battle, Nanette B Rodney, Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (this can be found online if you search under title and author but as I have not seen any other serious articles or accounts equating Ishtar with Ashtoreth, let the reader beware on that one point)

Inanna-Ishtar as Paradox and a Coincidence of Opposites, Rivkah Harris, History of Religions, Vol 30, No 3 (Feb 1991), PP 261-278 (very good article, but rather shocking, details some of her riske festivals)

A New Ishtar Epithet in the Bible, Joseph Reider, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol 8, No 2 (Apr 1949) pp 104-107

On the Entymology of Ishtar, George A Barton, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol 31, No 4 (1911) pp 355-358 (I include it because I read it but it is really only interesting if you are into linguistics)

The White Obelisk and the Problem of Historical Narrative Art of Assyria, Holly Pittman, The Art Bulletin, Vol 78, No 2 (Jun 1996), pp. 334-355 (only brushes on Ishtar, but if you are interested in Assyrian obelisks and first/second Millenium Assyrian archaeology, this is fascinating)

Toward the Image of Tammuz, Thorkild Jacobsen History of Religions, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Winter, 1962), pp. 189-213 (available on JSTOR.org)

Tammuz and the Bible (this one was great), Edwin Yamauchi, Journal of Biblical Literature Vol. 84, No. 3 (Sep., 1965), pp. 283-290 (also available on JSTOR.org)